This book discusses the application of statistical concepts and methods to biological problems, particularly using testing hypotheses. It explains each statistical test discussed. Additional materials relevant to the topic are placed in boxes. This book includes variables for statistical tests taken from nonbiological fields, including sociology, education, and human behavior. It also guides students how to generate their own data for conducting tests. Chapters contain numerical problems for students to develop their concepts. Appendixes given at the end of the book help students in using data analysis and generating graphs by using Excel.

T. Ramakrishna Rao is a formerly retired director of the School of Environmental Studies in the University of Delhi, New Delhi, India, until 2004. Earlier, he was a professor and head of the Department of Zoology at the same university. An ecologist and an environmental biologist, he was a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali during 2010 to 2015, and at the IISER Berhampur, during 2019 to 2022. He taught courses in population ecology, ecosystem ecology, environmental sciences, and biostatistics. He received the ‘Teacher of the Year’ Award in 2015 from the elite Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi, India.