This volume evaluates the clinical patterns of resistance to sorafenib, the impact of trial design in the second-line setting and the current gold standard to define radiological resistance; describes the molecular mechanisms responsible for treatment resistance in HCC patients, including components of the immune system and tumor microenvironment; determines the role of the cancer stem cell phenotype in resistance; reviews the experimental models to study resistance; and addresses new approaches to overcome resistance to sorafenib, using successful examples from other malignancies. 

Augusto Villanueva, MD, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Division of Liver Diseases, Liver Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, NYC.