Across the globe, defence policy is being reshaped by a growing clash of realities. On one side, disruptive, dual-use technologies — such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, materials science, neurotechnology, and quantum technology — are advancing at breakneck speed. On the other, we face a world marked by retreating globalisation, fragmented regulations, and a persistent state of hybrid conflict. This open access book explores how these frontier technologies are creating new vulnerabilities — attack vectors for which ethical, normative, and regulatory responses are still lacking. Focusing on the European and international defence landscape, it examines both the opportunities and the risks posed by innovation in AI, biotechnology, advanced materials, neurotechnology, quantum technology, and beyond. With a forward-looking approach, the anthology outlines strategies for intelligent defence tech governance and considers Europe’s evolving role within the global security architecture. It offers concrete fields of action for policymakers, researchers, and defence professionals navigating this complex and rapidly changing terrain, but also valuable insights for every other interested member of the public.

Dr. Arnold H. Kammel is Secretary General and Director of Defence Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence (BMLV) in Vienna (Austria).

Dr. Andrea Heinz and Daniel Hikes-Wurm are advisors at the Directorate General for Defence Policy of the Austrian Ministry of Defence (BMLV) in Vienna (Austria). Their work focuses on issues of frontier technologies, particularly their relevance for defence policy. They deal with the impact of new technologies such as AI or neurotechnology on individual and societal security; with potential fields of application, especially in hybrid war scenarios; and with the research and development of defence tech governance.