• Maintaining forest biodiversity by combining protection, management and restoration of forest and woodland landscapes is a central component of sustainable development.
• Evidence that there are threshold levels for how much habitat loss may be tolerated for viable populations of specialised species to be maintained.
• Policy-makers, businesses and managers pose questions about how to balance use of renewable forest resources and conserve biodiversity.
• Examples are presented on how biodiversity assessments can be made.
• Proposes how the critical gaps in our knowledge identified throughout the book could be filled through macroecological research and international co-operation.

Per Angelstam is the editor of Ecological Bulletins, Bulletin 51, Targets and Tools for the Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity, published by Wiley.

Monica Donz-Breuss is the editor of Ecological Bulletins, Bulletin 51, Targets and Tools for the Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity, published by Wiley.

Jean-Michel Roberge is the editor of Ecological Bulletins, Bulletin 51, Targets and Tools for the Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity, published by Wiley.