Important topics include:
- Microarchitectural techniques to reduce energy per operation
- Power reduction with timing slack from pipelining
- Analysis of the benefits of using multiple supply and threshold voltages
- Placement techniques for multiple supply voltages
- Verification for multiple voltage domains
- Improved algorithms for gate sizing, and assignment of supply and threshold voltages
- Power gating design automation to reduce leakage
- Relationships among tatistical timing, power analysis, and parametric yield optimization

Design examples illustrate that these techniques can improve energy efficiency by two to three times.